RIBA

Makna Riddah :
Faedah atau pertambvahan bayaran dalam urusan pinjaman, hutang, pertukaran makanan sejenis termasuklah mata wang.

HUKUMAN ORANG YANG MENGAMALKAN RIBA
pada hari akhirat nanti ketika dibangkitkan mereka tidak dapat jalan dengan betul ; ,mereka jalan seperti dirasul syaitan

Faktor mendorong amalan riba :

1. terpengaruh dngan kemewahan dunia
2. ingin cepat kaya

JENIS RIBA

1. Al-fadl
2. Nasiah

Al-fadl :

- pertabahan diperoleh melalui pertukaran barang yang sama jenis (beras w beras)

Nasiah :

Faedah atau pertambahan yang ikenakan kerana menangguhkan temboh pembayaran

LNGKAH TO PREVENT RIBA :

1. melaksanakan sistem ekonomi yang berlandaskan Islam
2. pendedahan tentang konsep riba dan pegharamannya
3. membri didkan ajaran yang smpurna

HIKMAT :

1. elakkan penindasan golongan kaya terhadap golongan miskin
2. sikap tolong menolong
3. apat prevent from dapat azab

QAZAF MUSAHAQAG LIWAT DAN ZINA

Qazaf :
Erti : Menuduh seseorang itu zina tanpa 4 orang saksi
Hukuman : 80 kali sebatan


Zina :
Erti : Melakukan hubungan seks tanpa ada perikatan perkahwinan
Hukuman ( ghairu muhsan ) yang belum berkahwin: 100 kali sebatan
yang dah kawin : rejam dengan batu sampai mati.

liwat :
gay
Hukuman : ditahan/dikurung di dalam sebuah rumah sehingga brtaubat sebelum jatuhkan hukuman. IF mereka bertaubat before kenakan hukuman then bebas.

musahaqah :
lesbos!
Hukuman : ditahan dalam bilik till they insaf kalau tak dia menginggal dunia dekat situ

AKIBAT PERBUATAN QAZAF :

1. orang yang kena tuduh kena tekanan jiwa
2. maruah tercemar
3. masa depan hancur
4. lahir sifat dendam
5. hilang persaan kasih sayang

AKIBAT PERBUATAN ZINA LIWAT MUSAHAQAH

1. mencemarkan maruah diri
2. penyakit
3. dapat balasan

1. jenayah
2. rumah tangga hancur

FAKTOR2 MENDORONG INDIVIDU MELAKUKAN QAZAF

1. kurang didikan agama
2. tidak mengayat ajaran agama
3. tak takut azab allah
4. iri hati

FAKTOR2 MENDORANG LIWATERS ZINAERS AND MUSAHAQAHERS

1. kurang didikan agama
2. tak menghayati agama
3. pergaulan bebas antara lelaki an perempuan

CARA MEMBENDUNG GEJALA SOSIAL :

1. mengenakan udang undang agama  yang nmantap
2. ibu bapa mengawal pergaulan anak anak
3. menutup pusat hiburang yang boleh mebawa maksiat

HIKMAT MENGHARAMKAN PERBUATAN QAZAF :

1. kerana qazaf merupakan perbuatan keji
2. kerana qazaf boleh merosakkan masa depan
3. tak pasal pasal the girl dipandang hina

HIKMAT MENGHARAKAN PERBUATAN QAZAF :

1. menjauhkan manusia daripada embuat gejala maksiat
2. memelihara kehormatan diri
3. mencugah manusa hiup tanpa panduan agama

Dosa dosa besar yang merosakkan Iman dan kesannya

Berikan pengertian dosa :
Balasan buruk kerana melakukan larangan Allah swt an meninggalkankan larangannya


Dosa besar :
Kesalahan yang dekenakan hukuman tertentu di dunia dan akan menerima azab di akhirat.

Contoh dosa besar yang h

Khulafak Ar-Rasyidin

Khalifah :
Orang yang memegang jawatan KETUA negara Islam.

Pengertian Khulafak Ar-Rasyidin :
Gelaran kepada 4 sahabat Rasullulah yang memegang jawatan dalam negara Islam selepas kewafatan baginda.

Latar belakang Kerajaan Khulafak Ar-Rasyidin :

• Pusat pemerintahan di Madinah
• Kerajaan kesinambunggan kerajaan Islam Madinah pimpinan Rasul
• Tempoh pemerintahan 29 tahun

Nama nama khulafak Ar-Rasyidin :

1. Abu Bakar As-siddik
2. Omar bin Al-Khattab
3. Othman bin Affan
4. Ali bin AbI Talib.

LET'S LEARN ABOUT ABU BAKAR AS-SIDDIQ

Latar belakang :

1. Nama Sebenar : Abdullah bin Quhafah
2. Lahir : 2 tahun selepas Kelahiran Rasulullah Swt
3. Keturunan : Bani Tamim
4. Orang pertama to masuk Islam.
5. As-siddik : mengaku kebenarab tentang Israk dan Mikraj
6. Bersama rasul pergi ke gua Thur

Sifat peribadi :

1. Jujur and amanah
2. sentiasa membenarkan kata2 rasul
3. setia
4. mempunyai pendirian yang baik.

Sumbangan :

1. Menghapuskan golongan murtad
2. menghapuskan golongan nabi palsu
3. menghapuskan golongan orang tak bayar zakat
4. mengumpul hasil AlQuran supaya tidak dipermainkan oleh pihak x tanggungjawab
5. Besaskan negeri dibawah pengarug ROM and PARSI

KHALIFAH OMAR BIN AL-KHATTAB :

Latar Belakang :

1. Nama Penuh : Omar bin Al Khattab bin Naufal
2. Kaum : Bani Adi (suku kaum Quraisy)
3. Lahir : 13 tahun SELEPAS kelahiran Nabi
4. Gelaran : Al- Faruq (tahu beza right and wrong)
5. Status dalam masyarakat :  Berkedudukan baik dalam masyarakat Jahiliah
6. Masuk Islam 6 yars aftr Rasul jadi nabi
7. Wafat; 63 y/o
8. dimakam dekat dgn rasul's
9. donate BESAR dalam penyebaran

 

Sifat peribadi :

1. Berani : berhijrah secara terang
2. tidak gentar menegakkan agama Islam
3. Taat pada perintah Allah.
4. upfront

Sumbangan : 

1. Membahagikan pentadbiran kepada beberapa wilayah
2. enyusun pentadbiran majlis SYURA
3. menyusun udang2 tanah negara
4. kalender islam

Khalifah Osman bin Affan

Latar Belakang :

1. Lahir 5 years after  Rasul lahir
2. Digelar Zun-Nurain because he married Rasul's princeses (Rukiyah and Umi Kalsum)
3. Bani Umaiyah
4. died at 80, pemberontakan time beliau baca al-quran

Sifat peribadi :

1. lemah lembut
2. hartawan dan dermawan
3. berfikiran kreatif
4. tegas

Sumbangan :

1. membukukan alquran dalam satu mushaf : Rasam Osmani
2. Menyumbang harta untuk tahanan negara
3. MEMBESARKAN TENTERA ARAT AN LAUT untuk perluasan kuasa dan wilayah

KHALIFAH ALI BIN ABI TALIB

Latar Belakang :

1. Ali bin Abi Talib Bin Abd Mutallib
2. Lahir 10 years after kerasulan Rasul
3. kanak kanak 1 masuk islam
4. KARAMALLAHU WAJHAH. KAMARALLAHU WAJHAH kerana tak pernah menyembah berhala

Sifat peribadi:

1. tegas
2. berani
3. menguasai ilmu dengan mendalam

Sumbangan 

1. menerima jawatan khalifah walaupun negara dlm keadaan tak aman.

____________________________________________________________________

Ciri2 kepimpinan :

1. berilmu
2. berani 
3. adil
4. tegas
5. bijaksana

Kesan perang dingin :

NATO - mengahalang if komunis attack
WARSAW - tindakbalas ^
SEATO - hang pengarut komunis to spread in asia selatan

WORLD WAR 1

• KONFLIK ANTARABANGSA
• POLIYIK DAN EKONOMI

FAKTOR : (politik)

KEBANGKITAN SEMANGAT NASIONALISME DI KALANGAN RAKYAT EROPAH

negara2 kecik di eropah telah bersatu untuk membentuk negara yang lebih besar.

SISTE PAKATAN NEGARA2 EROPAH =

PERIKATAN KUASA TENGAH DAN PAKATAN BERTIGA

PKT

jerman autriahungary dan itali 

turku adn bulgaria

P3

Rusia Peranci dan Britain, Jepun, Itali.

persaingan kedua dua pakatan ini telah mengancam perimbangan kuasa dunia.

Ekonomi

kuasa eropah bersaing merebut peluang ekonomi

FAKTOR SEGERA

• pembunuhan archduke franz ferdinand (oewaris takta austriahungary) dan isterinya dutchess sophie
• dubunuh oleh seorang PENGGANAS SERBIA
• So, autria istiharkan perang terhadap Serbia w skongan from jerman
• Rusia dibantu oleh rusia dan perancis
• 
  

penembungan

through perdagangan :
Rasul niaga ke syam and tgk orang kristian sana
Islam conqured teluk parsi laut merah dan timur mediterranean = aktiviti perdagangan alat utama
an china wehn orang islam menetap di Canton.

through hubungan diplomatik :
pada zaman UMAIYAH, sekumpulan peneroka diharntar ke SELAT GIBRALTAR  @ sepanyol. they jalin hubungan diplomatik dgn org bukan islam di cardova, valencia and rhonda.
= pertembungan orang islam dgn org bukan islam.

through penaklukan dan ketenteraan :
penyebaran islam blaku pd zaman alrashyidin umaiyah and abbasiyah dan uthmaniyah.
apabile kerajjjaan islam menguasai iraq dan iran, bertembung dgn taadun eropah = tmadun eropah.

through kebudayaan :
time islam @ spanyok, mmbentuk kbuayaan baru
lahir MUZARAB - orang tempatan bukan isla budaya islam

through pertembungan intelektual :
tembung ahli fikir islam and tak islam.
mendalai keilmuan eropah
thn kembangkan lagi

KESAN PERTEMBUNGAN :
tersebar ;ias/
;ahir bayak bentuk kerajaan dan masyarakat dalam dunia isslam
menguasai konomi
para inteleltual islam and tak islam tuka2 pendapat.

Gerakan Abbasiyah :
Pada peringkat awal, sulit oleh ali bin abdullah
then KHALIFAH UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ :  gerakan secara terbuka

kempen ini atas nama AHLUL BAIT (keluarga Rasul) untuk dapat sokongan

PUSAT OPERASI GERAKAN :
khurafan, kufah, humaimah.
khurafan, kufan, humaimah
khurafan, kufah, humaimah

PENUBUHAN KERAJAAN BANI ABBASIYAH :

1. ditubuhkan after kejatuhan kerajaan bani umaiyah
2. abbasiah = diambil oleh nama bapa saudara Rasul AL ABBAS
3. sistem warisan
4. siste monarki

kerajaan bani abbasiyah

Fasa 1 2 3

1- pemerintah oleh khalifah

2- kerajaan kecil

3- khalifah

umaiyah

Inti pati kutbah terakhir Rasul ;
ISLAM HARUS BERSATU PADU
YOU MUST LOVE PEACE
HOLD ON TO THE HOLY QURAN AND SUNNAH

AL-RIDDAH - GOLONGAN NABI PALSU

KERAJAAN BANI UMAIYAH

terbahagi kpd 2 tahap
1) pusat di DAMSYIK
2) CARDOVA, SEPANYOL

berasaskan sistem warisan


tahap 1
Pengasas : MUAWIYAN BIN ABU SUFYAN
DAMSYIK
GELARAN : KHALIFAH

TAHAP 2
PENGASAS : ABRUL RAHMAN AL DAKHIL ABDUL RAHMAN
CRDOVA
GELARAN : AMIR

HASSAN BIN ALI YANG ENYERAH KAN KPD MUAWIYAH TO MNGELAKKAN PERPERCAHAN KAUMXZ

Sumbangan kerajaan bani umaiyah 1

SISTEM KHALIFAH
- ketua pemerintah umat islam
-secara warisan

SISTEM WAZARAH
- Wazir, dilantik untuk mengetuai sistem pemerintahan negara di bahagian kerajaan pusat
- Gabenor - memastikan wilayaah

SISTEM URUS SETIA
- bahagian surat menyurat
cukai
ketenteraan
polis

SISTEM HIJABAH
- penyekatan yang ingin betemu w khalifah
seorang pegawai

JABATAN :
cukai
urusan am
surat menyurat
jap mohor

S O S I A L

ILMU PENGETAHUAN
 semakin berkembang maju.
KOTA BASRAH JADI TMPAT PENNYEBARAN ILMU
arab cakap kemuncakn\ bila jadi bahasa ngara
bunyi baris dipeknalkan

ILMU AGAMA
lahir tokoh2 tekenal
KHALIFAH UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ yang hal ni kembang

SAINS DAN PERUBATAN :
hispital prtama : khalid bin alwalid
UMAR BIN ABDUL AZIZ hospitak for kusta

PIAGAM MADINAH

1. kerajaan islam di madinah diasaskan oleh Rasul

TUJUAN PIAGAM MADINAH

-untuk mewujudkan pemerintahan dan masyarakat islam yang stabil adil dan maju.

DISEBUT SEBAGAI :

-Shahifah Madinah

Perlembagaan :

- Perlembagaan pertama digubal

- jadi asak panduan pemerintahan

Perjanjian :

-kanun, piagam, perjanjian ditulis

PERSETUJUAN :

orang islam muhajirin and ansar

orang bukan islam

KANDUNGAN : 

47 Fasal.

Bahgian 1 : 23 fasal (hubungan tanggungjawab orang islam)

(bahagian 2 : 24 fasal (menyentuh tentang kaum yahudi dan tangung jawab mereka thadap kerajaan islam

• merangkumi aspk poliktik sosial agama eknomi, tentetraan
• prinip umum tentang berbilang kaum
• lengkap dan menyeluruh 

ingat :

POLITIK
SOSIAL
EKONOMI

AGAMA 

KEDUDUKAN YAHUDI

KEPENTINGAN PIAGAM MADINAH

MODEL : panduan bagi mengasaskan pemerintahan islam

LENGKAP : peraturan dunia dan akhirat

ekonomi : riba semua diharamkan. haruslah amanah.

TARAF : semua ada taraf yang sama

DITERIMA : dapat dipakai oleh semua lapisan asyarakat.

OEMBENTUKAN MALAYSIA

parti politik yang menyokong :
UMNO
PARTI PERIKATAN RAKYAK
PESAKA, PANAS SNAP
UNKO AND USNO

PARTI YANG MENGADA TAK SOKONG
SSUP (sarawak)
BARISAN SOSIALIS (singapura)
PARTI RAKYAT BRUNEI

what did endons do to our bootipul country

• spy
• burukkan nama
• serang
• attack kapal nelayan
• ceroboh udara
• isytihar dasar konfrotasi
• gnyang malaysia

what did malaysia do

• minta tolong tentera KOMENWEL
• HNTAR BANTAHAN RASMI KEPAA PBB
• HANTAR PEWAKILAN UNDER TUN ABDUL RAZAK

what did filipina do :

dakwa part of SULTANAN SULU

MENU                                                                      NTUT TERHADAP SABAH

Sebab2 buka balik kota mekah

• Quraish bagi sokongan @ bani khaza'ah berperang dengan bani bakar (langgar peranjian genjatan senjata)
• a stratergi for jangka masa yang panjang.
• orang quraish tak enghormati hak kebebasan.
• bani khuza'ah pihak kepada islam dibunuh
• kerajaan islam madnahlagi mantap

Mcammana boleh berjaya menguasai :

1) tentera islam ramai (10000 ramai)

2) strategi perperangan 

tentera islam dibahagi to 4 

khalid alwalid

ubaidah aljarah

 saad bin ubadah

zubair bin al awwam 

they gerak serentak. attack NORTH EAST SOUTH so that they terkepung.

Kepentingan pembukaan KOTA MEKAH

-banyak lagi orang masuk islam (cs Nabi swt very pemaaf)

- tumpuan tempat umat islam to beribadat

-mulu tau about islam deeply

-kaabah terpelihara

-berhala dihapuskan

-bebas.

Piagam Madinah

1. 47 Fasal.
2. Bahagian pertama 23 (hubungan dan tanggngawav di kalangan orang islam)
3. Bahagian kedua 24. (kaum Yahudi, tanggungjawab terhadap kerajaan islam)
4. 7 Aspek

• POLITIK
• AGAMA
• EKONOMI
• SOSIAL
• PERUNDANGAN
• YAHUDI
• PERTAHANAN.

Undang2 perang

1. kena ada izin Allah swt.
2. Kalau diserang musuh
3. berperang demi jaga keaamanan = tempat ibadat terjaga
4. menentang kezaliman
5. mempertahankan maruah agama
6. cannot bunuh haiwan and plants
7. cant kill budak tua sakit
8. cant robohkan tempat ibadat

Perang islam :

Badhar

Uhud

Khandak

Tabuk

PHOSYNTHESIS :

1- CUTICLE
water proof prvent exessive water loss. transparenr ro allow light to penetarate leaf.

2 UPPER EPIDERMINS
single layer. thin. transparent. allows LIGHT to PENETRATE leaf and REACH the light trapping chloroplast inside. WATCH FOR THE LIGHT TRAP!!!
Epidermal cells doesnt contain chloroplasts therefore sunlight can penetrate easily. remember, CAN pernetrate EASILY because epidermal cells DOESNT contain chloroplasts.

3 VASCULAR BUNDLE.
xylem transports mineral ions and water 2 d leaf.
phloem carries away products of photosynthesis from the leaf.

4 PALISADE MESOPYHLL
cylindrical, packed tighly in an upright positiion under upper epiidermis.  MAKES IT RECEIVE MAX SUNLIGHT.
have HIGH density of CHLOROPLAST, most active cell in photosynthesis. are able to move themselves.

5 SPONGY MESOPYHLL
doesnt have a fixed shape
for increasing the internal surface area for gaseous exchange
looosely aranged between them are air spaces

6 lower epidermis :
doesnt conain choloroplast but got guard cells <enable the opening and closing of stomata

enzyme catalysed reaction
limiting factor

Enzymes got intracellular enzymes and extra cellulare enzymes What are intracellular enzymes? It is produced and retained in the cell for the use of the cell itself. They are foind in? Cytoplasm mitochondria nucleus and chloroplasts Hers an example.. The enzyme oxydoreductase catylyses biological oxidation anc reduction in the mitochondri What ae extracellular enzynes? Enzymes whixh are produced in the cell but secreted from the cell to function externallu Synthesis of enzymes Remember that ribosomes r d sjtes of protein synthesi 6 sequences The info fr the aynthesis of enzymes is carried by DNA *the sequences of bases on the dma are codes to make proteinsb Dikir sequences of bases tu. Codes la, Sequencesbof bases In NUCLEUS DNA double helox unwinds n exposes its 2 atrands fir yhe synthesise of rna Rna is synthesised axxording to the instructin of dna Then messenger rna leaves nuckeus to tbe ribosome Then it attaches itself to the ribosome Ribosome atcs as workbench. Rna contains info of codes ft the synsis if amini acid Genetic infrmation trabalated into d primary structure of specidfojc progein Eaxh amino acid is bo ded to d enxt and as a resultm polypeptides is formed n ready to release to the cytoplasm PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLUKAR ENZYMES

carbohydrates :
starch : main energy store of carbo in plans
glycogen : in animals and us
cellulose : forms main costituemt of the ell walls. important constituent of fibres.

Steroids are?
 lipids with a complex molecular structure
( cholestrol, testerone, oestrogen, progesterone  )

proteins :

• basic unit = amino acids
• build new cells for growth and renew damaged tissues.
• required for? synthesis of enzymes, antibodies, hormones
• forms strutural components such as keratin in skin, collagen in bones and myosin in muscle tissues.
• its an important components of the plasma membrane 
• involved in synthesis of haemogolobin 

nucleic acid :

• macromolecule which store genetic informations in terms of codes.
• basic unit? nucleotides
• Nucleotide consist of 3 components : nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group.

two types of nucleic acid :

1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - double stranded nucleic acid. two strands of polynucleotides twisted around each other) forms? double helix. are usually found in the nucleus. but also can be found in mitichondria and choloroplast
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) - found in the cytoplasm, ribosomes and nucleus

Carbohydrates

MONOSACCAHARIDED
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACHARIDES

POLYSACCHARIDES -
when theyre linked trough condensation they become long chain of molecules or a polymer.
-condensations of glucose monomers
- insoluble in water (large molecule size)
- aint sweet doest crytalize like disaccharides
-STARCH (found in wheat, rice, potato, bread, corn) (main energy storage compound in plants) (iodine test is carried out to test the presence in starch)
- GLYCOGEN (animal starch) (main reserve of carbo in animals and yeast) (liver and muscle cells)
- CELLULOSE (amke cell walls)
- poly Can be broken down by adding DILUTE ACIDS, BOILING, TROUGH ENZYME REACTIONS

PROTEINS!!
- are made up of CHONSP
- made up of one or more polymers = POLYPEPTIDES
- POLYPEPTIDES are made of monomers whis is AMINO ACID
- Through CONDENSATION, by a PEPTIDE BOND, TWO MOLECULES OF AMINO ACIDS FORM DIPEPTIDE. one water molecule is removed
-can be broken down to AMINO ACIDS by HYDROLYSIS
- if PROTEIN or POLYPEPTIDES are broken down - absorbed in the blood stream
- then amino acid are used to synthesise protein molecules that are needed by the body

TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS -
-20 naturally ocuring amino acids;
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
-Animals, us, are FIRST CLASS PROTEIN (they contain  all the essential amino acids needed by the body
- Plants - SECOND CLASS PROTEINS (dont contain al amino acid)

what are essential amino acids?
- amino acids that cant be synthesized by the body.
- LEUCINE. dont make a scene with eugene huhu
- 9 other essential amino acids. can oly be obtained frm a healthy diet

what are non essential amino acids?
- can be synthesised by the body
- 11 non essentials

PROTEIN STRUCTURES.
got 4

primary structures, secondary structures, tertiary structures, quarternary structures.

secondary structures : specific linear sequence
secondary structures - polypeptide chain that is coiled to form an alpha-helix chain. folded,  beta pleated sheets. they are held together by hydrogen bonds

tertiary : then alpha and beta tu  coiled and folded lagi into a 3D shape. (plasma, antibodies and plasma proteins)

quarternary : 2 or more tertiart srucrfure polypeptide chains are arange to form a complex and fuctinal proten molecule (haemoglobin)

LIPIDS (CHO)
-FATS AND OILS
* they are TRIGLYCERIDES
- triglycerides are esters that's formed throigh condensation of one molecule of glycoden 3 fatty acids
- each molecule of fatty acid consists of a long hydrocarbon change w a diff number of carbon atoms
SATURATED FATS - saturated fatty acids (solid at room temp)
UNSATURATED FATS - unsaturated fatty acid (liquid like oil)

al-islah,

bahasa : pembaikan

istilah : pembaikan atau perubahan terancang ke arah yang kebih ba=ik

to pelajar - keperluan alislah 4 memperoleh kecapaian yang mantap

yakinkan umat islam islam is the best

bentuk2

gila2 dekat mazhab no good

pay attention to get free penjajah world

tadbir dgn sunnah and alquran

Faktor2 penyebaran islam : dalaman and luaran

dalaman :

ramai penduduk tertarik.

Baghdad menjadi tumpuan dalam bidang keilumuan dan perdangangan antarabangsa.

something related to baitulmal

luaran :

bahasa arab dispread so ada interest nak study alquran and Hadis

hubungan diplomatik antara kerajaan abbasiyah && negara luar

they berdakwah menerusi aktiviti perdangan mereka

khalifah

1) Abu Abbas Al-Safah

- khalifah pertama

- perintak for 4 years 9 months

Sumbangannya -

mengasaskan kerajaan abbasiah

menghapuskan pemberontakan

2) Abu Jaafar Al- mansur

Saudara kndung Al-safah

khalifah for 22 years

sumbangan :

banghdad as ibu kota & membangunkannya

baiki sistem cukai.

membuat saliran2

menyediakan pasar2 d tempat yang strategik

3_ Harun ar-rasyid

khalifah paling warak && terkenal

sumbangan :

memerintah al-Qadhi Yusuf to witre kitap al-kharaj.

membina ; alqadhi alqadha (ketua hakim)

menubuhkan baitul hikmah. baitul hikmah. baitul hikma. baitul hikmah. (pusat perkembangan)

menjadikan baghdad sebagai pusat perdagangan ilmu pengetahuan

4) Al-Makmun

Abdullah Abul Abbas Al-Makmun.

anak Harum

memrintah for 20years

sumbangan :

galakkan usaha pnterjemahan

menyediakan sholarships/

because of kita spread aga,a

more ppl masuk islam and less ppl sembah berhala

tertarik that we dont semnbah manusia.

banyak masjid dibina

sewa :

bahasa : menyewakan sesuatu

istilah : sesuatu PERJANJIAN yang membawa faedah dari satu barang yang diterima oleh orang lain dengan bayaran yang sesuai n perjanjian yang ditentukan.

hukum sewa : harus

sewa ada 2 jenis. Sewa manfaat dan upah bekerja.

Sewa manfaat -

seperti sewa bilik, rumah, kendai, binatang tungganan,

upah bekerja -

buruh binaan, tukang jahit, tukang kasut.

rukun sewa :

penyewa & pemberi sewa

bayaran sewa

faedah sewa

ijab dan kabul

syarat2 sah sewa & pemberi sewa

berakal n baligh

kehendak sendiri

2 2 x sifat membazir

syarat sah bayaran :

pay w money

both tau the price

setuju dgn the price.

syrat faedah :

berharga

payable

kadar dan jangka masa sewa kena tahu

reproduction

kan ovum tu, satu sperm je can penetrate.

So bila beratus sperm nak rebut ovum tu, satu je dapat.

bila satu tu dapat, i mean dekat secondary oocyte lah. ada fertilisation membrane guarding the cell.

PREVENT OTHER SPERMS ENTERING THE OVUM.

bila dah fertilised, pregnant ah apa lagi.

________________________________________________________________

36 hours after fertilisation > zygote begins to divide repeatedly by mitosis, travels along Ftube, towards the uterus > devide, forms 2 celled embryo > morula > 5th day, morula is a ball of cells (blastocyst, blastula) > blastocyst is a fluid-filled sphere consisting an outer layer of cells & a group if cells inside sphere > 7 days after fertilisation, blastocyst attaches itself to the endometrium (implantation) > 8 weeks, stll embryo, 3 months, foetus, enclosed by a membrane (amnion) > amniotic fluid protects the foetus by absorbing shocks and cushioning it from any physical damage

____________________________

trophoblast - develop into placenta

LET'S ALL BE FAKE BY FAKING A SMILE.

Ha, sometimes I wonder. What's the beauty of cursing?　Ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ．　Ｙｏｕ　ｇａｉｎ　ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ　ｂｕｔ　ｓｉｎｓ．Ｄｏｎ＇ｔ　ａｓｋ　ｍｅ　ｗｈｙ＇ｓ　ｍｙ　ｆｏｎｔ　ｌｉｋｅ　ｔｈｉｓ．　Ｉ　ｈａｖｅ　ｎｏ idea honestly. It's back to normal now.ｌｏｌ．　Ｔｈｉｓ　ｉｓ　ｆｕｎｎｙ．　ＪＵＳＴ IGNORE　ＭＹ　FONT　ＯＫ？

Ｂａｃ可　ｔｏ弹劾立刻撒旦就阿卢萨卡打击啊离开苏丹家Ｉ个　ｕｐ

Form 4. Chapter 7. Respiration.

TWO.

External respiration

Internal respiration

What's external respiration? Oh don't bother looking at at book. RECALL.

- it is a chemical process, where it Maintains the continuous exchange of gasses between the respiratory surfaces of the organism and its environment.

What's Internal respiration? It is also known as the cellular respiration.

- it is a biochemical process, which Energy is made available to all living cells. Ye lah. Akan dead cells nak energy. They are DEAD. This process involves the oxidation of organic molecules.

Repeat.

It is a biochemical process which energy are made available to all living cells. The oxidation of organic molecules is involved. to release chemical energy stored between these molecules.

Energy released is not used directly.

Main substrate for cellular respiration is glucose (digestion of carbohydrates)

NI SEMUA DALAM CELLULAR RESPIRATION TAU.

- it is also known as aerobic respiration.

- This process needs continuous supply of oxygen frm the air or water surroundings.

- glucose molecules are oxidised by oxygen.

- AEROBIC RESPIRATION - involves the oxidation of glucose, wth the presence of oxygen, c02, water and energy.,

Difference between aerobik and anaerobic respiration

Aero : releases all the available energy stored within the glucose molecules.

Ana : Breaks down glucose when there is very lil or no more oxygen.

Aero : Organisms that go through Aero, is called AEROBIC ORGANISMS

Ana : Organisms that go through Ana, is called ANAEROBES.

Aero : occurs in mitochondria.

Ana : Occurs in cytoplasm

faktor2 imperialis barat ADA 5.

FAKTOR FAKTOR IMPERIALISME BARAT (5)

1. kaya dgn bahan mentah
2. sistem pengangkutan dan perhubungan
3. saingan kuasa kuasa barat.
4. Beban Orang Putih & tugas menyebarkan tamadun
5. revolusi perindustrian

1) their perindustrian makin pesat, in order to keep that, they have to mainain bahan mentah yang stable, and asia is kaya of bahan mentah. they also need a new kawasan pasaran. China India asia tenggara.

2) Penciptaan kapal berkuasa wap. more space to letak barang and mepercepatkan jalan barat dan timur. Then terusan Suez, mempercepatkan jalanan. pembinaan tersebut membuat perjalanan selamat dan minjimatkan kos perjalanan. penciptaan telegraf pun. senang untuk imperialis bagi arahan to pegawai2 mereka. ahli2 perniagaan pun sng for them to ckp to their wakils. ni semua buat perniagaan lagi mudah & pesat.

3) Persaingan kuasa2 barat. lagi luas tanah jajahan, lagi mereka disanjungi. dan juga melambangkan kekuatan dan kekuasaan.

4) lastly, sloogan beban orang putih kerapn digunakan oleh BB. british and belanda. mereka yeye je anggap they are the majuest of em all. rasa mreka taggungjawab tu buat orang timur sejahtera

perancis pun. igt tanggungjawab mereka to menyebarkan tamadun.

mubaligh kristian igt they bertanggungjawab to menyebarkan agama kristian.

AGAMA! CHAP 1. F5.

Khawarij.

- Khawarij ialah golongan yang menyokong Saidina Ali, menentang Muawiyah dan tak menerima Majlis Tahkim.

- But then, belot Saidina ali, cus beliau menerima Muawiyah dan menerma majlis Tahkim

Iktikad khawarij ; -

- Menganggap siapa yang dah buat dosa besar kafir.

- Mengkafir kan dan menghalalkan (tis one not sure i think the book salah) darah umat islam yang berbeza iktikad dgn mereka.

- Membataskan sumber syariat hanya kepada Al-Quran shj.

Langkah2 to not be sesat

-Refer to kitab Ahli As-sunnah Wal Jamaah, they have asaid kukuh dapat membezakan antara yang benar dah salah.

- memastikan belajar daripada guru yang diikirafkan dalam bidang akidah

- Menjauhkan diri daripada orang yang boleh membawa dalam kesesatan. Ehe remember that'

Pebezaan antara ; -

- muslim : orang islam

- mukmin : orang yang beriman kpd Allah.

- Kafir : orang yang mengingkari salah satu prinsip akidah yang dah dijelaskan @ Al-Quran dan As-sunnah

-Fasik : tak taat kpd Allah swt dah RasulNya, buat dosa besar then kecil everday

- Murtad : org keluar islam

- Munafik : orang ang menzahirkan keimanan dan myembunyyyikan kekufuran dlm hati.

- Musyrik : menyekutukan Allah swt.

-Mulhid : ha org yg xde agama.

Uh, hi.

8 MORE MONTHS TO FREEEEDOMMSAMSASMANADMCNAS,CM A,SMAS,NCM,AS.

UH.. ITS KIND OF LAMA LAGI BUT.

BUT BUT BUT

THAT MEANS

IVE STILLLL TIME TO BUCK UP EVERYTHING AND ALL.

INSYAALLAH.

BYE

HUAHEUHSUEHauehUAE

lol i'm still sane.

TENDONS & SKELETAL MUSCLES.

• Tendons are tough, inelastic strands of dense connective tissues
• tendons = connective tissue.
• connect skeletal muscles to the bones.

• Skeletal muscle = responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
• they arent attached directly to the bones.
• attached to ATLEAST 2 bones across JOINTS through the TENDONS.
• nak type lagi la just to remeber it clearly.
• i hope i ingat tho.
• hm
• they arent attached directly, they are attached to atleast 2 bones, across joints, through tendons.
• Agaaaain! SKELETOL MASUCLES ARENT ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE BONES> HEY ARE ATLAST CONNECTED TO TWO BONES AND ACROSS JOINTS.. THROUGH TENDONS. TENDONS CONNECT SKELETAL MUSCLES TO THE BONES. REMEMBER THAT PEACH.
• bones that have muscles attached to it acts as LEVERS. levers. levers.
• SM produce movement by.. act force to pull the tendons. FORCE TO PULL THE TENDONS. TO PULL THE TENDONS ATTACHED TO THE BONES.
• Antogonic muscles are involved. One muscle contract, one muscle relaxes.
• in detail, a pair of muscles, work together to allow coordinated movements of the joints.
• one muscle pulls the bone in one direction, one in the opposite direction.
• PURFECT examples are biceps and triceps.
• bicep is the flexor.

STRUCTURE OF A JOINT

• Ligaments are elastic ( connective tissue)
• allow bones to move, without having any dislocation.
• one of em is synovial joint.
• has cartilage as cushions.
• the synovial membrane secretes fluid unti synovial cavity.
• the fluid acts as lubricant, to reduce friction between the ends of the bones
• end surface, are covered with cartilage. as as a cushions. absorb shock and reduce friction between the ends of the bones. prevent the bone to be beary.
• heh please ingat. please.

• HINGE JOINTS. BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS.
• hinge, elbow, knee, fingers.
• Ball, shoulder, and femur and pelvic girdle.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

• PECTORAL GIRDLE - kiri kanan ada. clavicle and scapula.

clavicle it slender. s shaped. placed horizontally above first rib.

Scapula is flat and large. triangular. posterior of the thorax.

• FORELIMB - humerus <- largest and stongest bone in the forelimb. ulna % radius bawah dia
• Carpals - 8 bones (carpus) (wristt),metacarpals ( palm ) (5bones) (metacarpus) , Phalanges. bones of the fingers. each hand has 14 phalanges.

• HIND LIMB - femur (strongest bone in the body) , patella (connects) , fibula (the nipis one, fibre? , tibia (tebal), tarsus. TARSALS. METATARSALS. phalanges.
• PELVIC GIRDLE - remember PUBIC SYMPHYSIS.

*just to test out my memory. mm. Axial skeleton - skull, vetrbral collum, ribs, sternum.

CONTINUATION ON WHAT I'VE STUDIED YESTERDAY, LOCOMOTION.

THE VERTEBRAE.

• Spinal cord goes through the vertebral foramen.
• A typical vertebrae - (imagine it! bentuk macam kerbau) yang 'telinga' tu, is called TRANVERSE PROCESS. Then yang macam tanduk tu is called, SPINOUS PROCESS. Tengah2 lubang yang ada satu 'mata' tu, verebrae foramen. Yang tengah2 part bawah tu, is called, centrum.

• Cervical Vertebrae (neck) -dia lagi kecik. and ada dua foramen. yang ada dua tu macam biasalah, start with transverse. so yang lubang kecik cenonet tu, ada dua tu, transverse foramen. and the spinous process bawah sikit. Centrum ada bawah. ok i think its easy to remember this. BETTER REMEMBER.
• All cervical vertebrae has transverse vertebrae.
• INGAT TAU. CERVICAL JEEE ADA TRANSVERSE VERTEBRAE INGAT TAUUU!
• dum dum dum. ATLAS.. AXIS.
• first one yang dekat cervical vertebrae, it atlas in other words. PALING ATAS! so. atlas atas sekali
• 2nd one, is axis.
• dua tu je yang lain sikit than the other cervicals.
• AXIS, ada odontoid process.

Thoracic vertebrae -

• yang tulang paling panjang tu is thoracic.
• got spinous process. its long and directed downwards.
• transverse and spinous process, serve as a point of attachment FOR ... MUSCLES AND LIGAMENTS.

Lumbar vertebrae -

• LARGEST and STRONGEST vertebrae. Heh ~ hambar.
• SHORT AND THICK.
• LARGE CENTRUMS
• WHAT DOES IT DO? - BEAR THE WEIGHT OF THE LOWERBACK.

Sacrum -

• triangular bone.
• Formend through the fusion of 5 bones.

Coccyx -

• fusion of four bones.

Conclusion : The more I spend less time on the books or try to study, the more restless I get.

Therefore, NO MORE WASTING TIME.

BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 - LOCOMOTION

SUPPORT SYSTEM AND LOCOMOTION.

• Locomotion : ability of a whole organism to move from one place to another.
• Movement : A change in the position of any part of the body BUT it doesnt mean it involves locomotion.
• Us, humans have soft, collapsible tissues which need to be supported and to be held in a rigid frame.
• SKELETON is the framework that supports us.

There are three types of skeleton that support living things ;

1. Hydostatic skeleton.
2. Exoskeleton.
3. Endoskeleton.

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

• Organisms that have a soft body.
• Their body consist of internal fluid (liquid) between the confined spaces of the body.
• The fluid, is held underpressure in compartments that are SURROUNDED <- remember that by the muscles.
• Liquid cant be shaped therefore that is why it forms a skeleton which CANT BE COMPRESSED.
• makes the body rigid so muscle can act against it.
• examples heh heh : Jelly fishes, earthworms, Hydra

EXOSKELETON

• Insects and arthropods have this type of skeleton in their body. THEY SENANG MATI THAT IS WHY ITS EX-Oskeleton. Get it? EX. X. X_X <- mati.
• SUPPORTS AND PROTECT INTERNAL BODY ORGANS FROM DAMAGE.
• Dah support so that means, the organism is ABLE to MOVE AROUND FROM PLACE TO PLACE.
• Exoskeleton/cuticle = COVERS the surface of the body.
• CUTICLE, has wax ; Prevent from water loss.
• EXOSKELETON is flexible & thin at the joints (ingat ha praying mantis tu slim je, so.. go figure)
• by right, exoskeleton cant increase in size.
• IF the animal's growing it has to shed their exo periodically through ECDYSIS.

EXOSKELETON

• USUSUSUUSUSUS. US.
• made of bones and cartilage, muscles r attached.
• Functions ;

1. Maintaining body shape.
2. Protect internal organs.
3. Support soft tissues.

TEST YOUR MEMORY TYPE IT AGAIN.

What's the function of have an endoskeleton? O-well..

- It is to support the soft tissues, protect your internal organs, maintains the shape. Oo~ slim and slender ehe.

That was just the basic :(

______________________________________________________

Problems faced in support and Locomotion :

• burung terbang tu, ha kena la ada gravitational pull. i mean, enough.
• and fish tu? ha. kena swim underwater. HOW to they do that? ha hah ah.
• Waterlily? dia float. HOW?
• search for it la'er

SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION ENDOSKELETON IN DETAIL!

• Yang tulang macam atas tu, yang dekat collar bone tu, mm its called clavicle.
• yang dekat ketiak tu, its called scapula.
• vertebral collum is your backbone.
• pelvic girdle to hip la. HIPS DONT LIE - PELVIC GIRDLE.
• THORAX - contains sternum (tempat tarzan tepuk diri dia tu) and ribs.
• yang tangan tempat muscle tu, humerus. humorous. get it? IM SUPPOSED TO BE SKINNY BUT MY ARMS ARE BIG.. SO ITS HUMERUS. HAHA.
• Dekat tangan. yang hujung jari = phalanges. dekat wrist? not to sure - carpals. then radius. ulna
• Lower limb = kaki ;
• femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

welcome to the real world now.. that was just a warm up

• nose, ears, the soft discs between the vertebrae are just cartilage.
• skeleton has two

-axial skeleton

-appendicular skeleton

AXIAL SKELETON

SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLLUM, STERNUM, RIBS.

SKULL

- 8 cranial

- 14 facial

= 22 bones.

• Cranial bones protect the brain ( got sutures)
• Facial bones protect and supports the entrace (mouth, makan guna mulut so entrance ah) digestive and respiratory system.
• bones make up the skull are held up by tadaa, sutures.
• he lower jaw is the only movable part.

RIBS AND STERNUM ( thoracic cage)

- got 12 ribcage.

• thoracic cage encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity.sternum is flat, narrow bone, located at the centre. (tarzan go AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAH~)

Ok ni last, then sleeping time -

VERTEBRAL COLLUM

- overall got 33 bones.

• it is also called the spine/backbone.
• functions

-Supports the head

- encloses and protect spinal cord

- dia unite ribs, pelvic girdle and muscles at the back.

• 7 cervical vertebrae (neck region)
• 12 thoracic vertebrae (upperback)
• 5 lumbar vertebrae(lowerback)
• 5 sacral ver (sacrum) ( bila buat sit ups tulang ni ha yang sakit)
• 4 caudal ver. (coccyx)

cervical, thoracic and lumbar - movable. others arent movable.

• in between the vertebrae got intervertebrae discs , permits various movements and absorb shock. made up of cartilage.

OK TOMORROW BACA NI CEPAT CEPAT. then habis kan locomotion.

Just a 'warm' welcome

Just incase, you end up here which I have no idea how the hell did you find this blog -

Mm, anything that is SPM related, I'll post it here. I hope whatever that I've typed, gets into my head and stays there. It's almost 4 and I'm just about to open my book. To try and study.

I HOPE I CAN FINISH HALF A CHAPTER BY TODAY.

One step at a time.

1

2

3

GO.